The novel is set in the fourteenth century, and so alludes to works familiar to its medieval protagonists: the writings of Aristotle, especially his Poetics the scientific discoveries of Roger Bacon, an early natural philosopher and the theories of William of Occam, a medieval logician who popularized the “Occam’s razor” principle (which holds that among many competing hypotheses, the simplest is probably true.) At the same time, however, Eco also anachronistically references later works. Eco’s interest in the repressive political regimes of medieval Europe in The Name of the Rose is perhaps informed by his perspective as someone who had himself lived under fascism. The Name of the Rose features a different historically oppressive political regime: the Inquisition, a court used by the medieval Catholic Church to arrest, persecute, and punish heretics and all those accused of subverting the authority of the church. His later writings argue that fascism is not only a phenomenon of early twentieth-century Europe, but an “eternal” threat than had oppressed people in the past and could continue to do so in the future.
In his lifetime, Umberto Eco witnessed the rise of fascism in Italy and the dictatorship of Benito Mussolini (1922-1943). William tells Adso that “I behaved stubbornly, pursuing a semblance of order, when I should have known well that there is no order in the universe”-this is a central idea of postmodernist theory. Many pieces of dialogue and plot points in the novel testify to its postmodern themes, such as William’s statement that “books always speak of other books” and the ultimate failure of his theory that the murders are following a grand design according to the Book of Revelation.
Postmodernism is characterized by skepticism about the objective nature of any truth, a distrust of universal explanations, and an emphasis on “intertextuality” (the way in which texts reference or respond to other texts). The Name of the Rose was written and published in the 1970s and 1980s, a period in which postmodernist theory was becoming an increasingly powerful force in European and American literary and intellectual life.
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